TURBO DIESEL.

 

¿Qué es un turbocompresor y cómo funciona?

Explicación básica pero clara (para mecánicos en formación y curiosos).

• Función del turbo: aprovechar los gases de escape para comprimir aire fresco.

• Mejora de potencia, torque y eficiencia.

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Turbos antiguos (fijos o “Wastegate”)

• Controlados por presión.

• Sencillos pero con limitaciones (turbo lag, rendimiento irregular).

• Ejemplos: motores CAT 3406, Cummins N14.

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Turbos modernos (VGT y electrónicos)

• Geometría variable: aletas que cambian el flujo según la carga.

• Mejor respuesta a bajas rpm.

• Controlados por ECM (solenoides, actuadores eléctricos o neumáticos).

• Ejemplos: Cummins ISX, Detroit DD15, Volvo D13.

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Problemas comunes según la generación

Tipo de Turbo	Problemas comunes
Fijo (mecánico)	Fugas, daño de rodamientos, baja presión.
VGT (moderno)	Atascos de aletas, fallos en el actuador, códigos SPN/FMI

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Cómo identificar qué tipo de turbo tienes.

• Etiquetas del turbo.

• Números de parte.

• Conexiones (presión vs. electrónica).

• Escáner de diagnóstico.

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Consejos del mecánico:

• “Los turbos modernos exigen buen mantenimiento del sistema EGR y filtros.”

• “Siempre revisa las condiciones de aceite y temperatura antes de condenar un turbo.”

• “Muchas fallas de turbo en ISX están relacionadas con sensores de presión falsos.”

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codigos de falla INTERNACIONAL DT466.

DTC	PID	SID	FMI	Circuit	Condition Description
111				ECM	No errors detected • flash code only
112†	168	0	3	ECM PWR	Electrical system voltage B+ out•of• range high
113†	168	0	4	ECM PWR	Electrical system voltage B+ out•of• range low
114*	110	0	4	ECT	Engine Coolant Temperature signal out•of•range low
115*	110	0	3	ECT	Engine Coolant Temperature signal out•of•range high
121*	102	0	3	MAP	Intake Manifold Absolute Pressure signal out•of•range high
122*	102	0	4	MAP	Intake Manifold Absolute Pressure signal out•of•range low
123*	102	0	2	MAP	Intake Manifold Absolute Pressure signal in•range fault
124*	164	0	4	ICP	Injection Control Pressure signal out• of•range low
125*	164	0	3	ICP	Injection Control Pressure signal out• of•range high
126*	118	4	N/A	BCP	Engine Brake Control Pressure signal out•of•range low
127*	118	3	N/A	BCP	Engine Brake Control Pressure signal out•of•range high
131*†	91	0	4	APS/IVS	APS signal out•of•range low
132*†	91	0	3	APS/IVS	APS signal out•of•range high
133*†	91	0	2	APS/IVS	APS signal in•range DTC
134*†	91	0	7	APS/IVS	APS signal and IVS disagree
135*†	0	230	11	APS/IVS	Idle Validation Switch circuit fault
136	94	0	4	EFP	Engine Fuel Pressure signal out•of•
					range low
137	94	0	3	EFP	Engine Fuel Pressure signal out•of• range high

141†	84	0	4	VSS	Vehicle Speed Sensor signal out•of• range low
142†	84	0	3	VSS	Vehicle Speed Sensor signal out•of• range high
143	0	21	2	CMP	Incorrect CMP signal signature
145	0	21	12	CMP	CMP signal inactive
146	0	64	12	CKP	CKP signal inactive
147	0	64	2	CKP	Incorrect CKP signal signature
151*†	108	0	3	BAP	Barometric Absolute Pressure signal out•of•range high
152*†	108	0	4	BAP	Barometric Absolute Pressure signal out•of•range low
153†	97	0	4	WIF	Water In Fuel signal out•of•range low
154	171	0	4	IAT	Inlet Air temperature signal out•of• range low
155	171	0	3	IAT	Inlet Air temperature signal out•of•
					range high
161*	105	0	4	MAT	Manifold Air Temperature Signal out• of•range low
162*	105	0	3	MAT	Manifold Air Temperature Signal out•
					of•range high
163*	27	0	4	EGR	Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve Position Signal out•of•range low
211*	100	0	4	EOP	Engine Oil Pressure signal out•of•
					range low
212*	100	0	3	EOP	Engine Oil Pressure signal out•of• range high
215†	84	0	8	VSS	Vehicle Speed Sensor signal
					frequency out•of•range high
225	100	0	0	EOP	EOP sensor signal in•range fault
231†	0	250	2	ATA	ATA data communication link error
236†	111	0	2	ECL	ECL switch circuit fault
241†	0	42	11	IPR	Injection Control Pressure regulator OCC self test failed
246†	0	56	11	EFAN	Engine Fan • OCC self test fault
247†	121	0	11	BSV	Engine Brake enable OCC self test
					failed
251†	0	38	11	IAH	Inlet Air Heater OCC self test failed
256†	0	55	11	RSE	Radiator Shutter Enable OCC fault
261†	0	27	11	VGT	Variable Geometry Turbo control OCC

					self test failed
267†	0	39	11	ECI	Engine Crank Inhibit OCC self test failed
311*	175	0	4	EOT	Engine Oil Temperature signal out•of•
					range low
312*	175	0	3	EOT	Engine Oil Temperature signal out•of• range high
313**	100	0	1	EWPS	Engine Oil Pressure below warning
					level
314**	100	0	7	EWPS	Engine Oil Pressure below critical level
315*	190	0	0	EWPS	Engine speed above warning level
316	110	0	1	EWPS	Engine Coolant Temperature unable to
					reach commanded set point
321**	110	0	0	EWPS	Engine Coolant Temperature above warning level
322**	110	0	7	EWPS	Engine Coolant Temperature above
					critical level
323**	111	0	1	EWPS	Engine Coolant Level below warning/critical level
324**	71	0	14	IST	Idle Shutdown Timer enabled engine
					shutdown
325	110	0	14	EWPS	Power reduced, matched to cooling system performance
331*	164	0	0	ICP SYS	Injection Control Pressure above
					system working range
332*	164	0	13	ICP	Injection Control Pressure above spec. with engine not running
333*	164	0	10	ICP SYS	Injection Control Pressure above/below
					desired level
334	164	0	7	ICP SYS	ICP unable to achieve setpoint in time (poor performance)
335	164	0	1	ICP SYS	ICP unable to build pressure during
					cranking
341*	0	34	4	EBP	Exhaust Back Pressure signal out•of• range low
342*	0	34	3	EBP	Exhaust Back Pressure signal out•of•
					range high
343*	0	34	0	AMS	Excessive exhaust back pressure (gauge)
344*	0	34	13	EBP	Exhaust back pressure above spec.
					when engine off
345	0	27	2	AMS	Faults detected during VGT portion of the AMS Test